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1. Decoration, Ornament, Structure: Toward a Topological Aesthetics
The boundaries between decoration, ornament, and structure are neither fixed nor categorical; rather, they slip into one another through processes of transformation, displacement, and recontextualization. This continuum is best understood as a topological field—one in which surface, volume, and form continuously reassign their functions. Pictures drape over figures, walls behave like textiles, and machine production models both repetition and the proliferation of “informal” taste. Hand-made or “handy” production becomes a mode of presence and address, registering a kind of proximate authorship within surfaces that are otherwise expected to remain mute. Rug. Curtain. Wall. Low relief. Layer. Context. The question emerges: when did surface articulation as such become synonymous with painting?
In architecture, ornament may be integral to a building’s operation—color, for instance, can modulate temperature or designate functional zones—yet ornament is never structurally required. As one moves from large-scale chromatic fields to finer surface articulations, the distinction between structural coloration and decorative painting thins to the point of conceptual collapse. Ornament becomes decoration not when it ceases to matter, but when its relation to structure becomes one of adjacency rather than necessity.
Balthasar Neumann’s Residenz Palace at Würzburg exemplifies this shift. The vegetal motifs that proliferate across its surfaces confer no added structural integrity; nonetheless, they materialize a non-pejorative form of décor—one that is, paradoxically, both the freest and most constrained artistic system within the built environment. Décor is liberated by its lack of obligation to hold anything up, and yet imprisoned by its relegation to the merely supplementary. Taking décor seriously thus requires recognizing it as a site in which artistic agency operates under both maximal freedom and maximal contingency.
